Polymorphism
Definition: Polymorphism is the concept where a parent type can have many sub-types.Example #1: ArrayList and LinkedList are sub-types of the parent type List.
Example #2: Car, Motorcyle, and Bus are sub-types of the parent type Vehicle.
Benefits: Polymorphism allows you to use a single parent type to interact with all possible sub-types. It also helps to decouple your code. When you are working with a List object, you can freely swap out the underlying implementation from an ArrayList to a LinkedList and vice-versa.
Abstraction
Definition: Abstraction is the generalization of common functionality across different objects.Example #1: List is an abstraction of ArrayList and LinkedList because it generalizes the common functionality of adding and removing elements.
Example #2: Vehicle is an abstraction of Car, Motorcyle, and Bus because it generalizes the common functionality of accelerating and braking.
Benefits: Abstraction allows you to interact with different objects via a common interface.
Encapsulation
Definition: Encapsulation is the packing (hiding) of data and implementation details into a class or function.Example #1: Data and implementation details about a car are encapsulated (packed, hidden) into a Car class. Access to its data can be controlled via public, protected, and private modifiers.
Example #2: The functionality to accelerate and brake a car is encapsulated (packed, hidden) into functions. Access to these functions can be controlled via public, protected, and private modifiers.
Benefits: Encapsulation allows you to hide implementation details and protect against mis-use by other classes. It also helps to decouple your code. For example, I could modify the formula in the accelerate function without breaking any code dependencies on that function.
Inheritance
Definition: Inheritance is the re-use of a base class's functionality by a sub-class.Example #1: Car is a sub-class that inherits the functionality of its base class Vehicle, including the data (currentHeading, velocity, weight) and functions (turn, accelerate, brake).
Example #2: A Car can turn because it inherited the functionality from its base class Vehicle.
Benefits: Inheritance allows you to re-use functionality and reduce duplicate code.
Polymorphism, abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance are distinctly different concepts, but together they support the paradigm of object orientation. I hope this post cleared up any misunderstandings of these four pillars object orientation!
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